Battle of the Niemen River

The Polish victory in the Battle of Warsaw dealt a strategic blow to the Red Army, becoming a turning point in the war and enabling the Polish armed forces to take over the initiative. The final blow was the Battle of the Niemen River fought in September. The main Soviet forces gathered around Grodno. As the troops were exhausted on both sides, it was of key importance who would attack first. On 20 September the 2nd Army commanded by General Rydz-Śmigły launched an attack on the city. The fighting was fierce and the victory did not come at once. The onslaught of the northern group on Sejny tipped the balance in favor of the Poles and enabled them to finally seize the city and cross the Niemen River. Seeing a chance, Piłsudski decided to encircle the Bolshevik troops. Owing to the sacrifice of the soldiers of the 1st Division of the Infantry of the Legions it was possible to stop a significant portion of the retreating Bolshevik troops. Piłsudski ordered a pursuit and the destruction of the enemy army. The Bolsheviks ordered a general retreat. The Battle of the Niemen River ended on 26 September 1920. The Bolshevik threat was ultimately removed.

Józef Piłsudski with officers during the Grodno takeover operation. (Jozef Pilsudski Institute in London)
Outline of the Battle of the Niemen River fought against the Red Army. Positions of the Polish and Bolshevik troops. (The Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, M. Dąbrowski’s Collection)
In the photograph: flying personnel of the 16th Observation Escadrille in Lida, October 1920. From left to right: Pilot Officer Józef Mickiewicz, Sergeant Jan Poteć, Pilot Officer Michał Blaicher, Pilot Officer Tadeusz Halewski, Captain Teofil Dziama, Pilot Officer Edmund Romanowski, Captain Antoni Buckiewicz (chief of the 2nd Army’s air force), Pilot Officer Marian Burchard, and Pilot Officer Lucjan Moszczeński. (Władysław Pawul-Mickiewicz’s family collection)